MODEL PEMBELAJARAN MATEMATIKA DI TINGKAT SD: PENDEKATAN STUDI LITERATUR

Abstract

Understanding mathematical concepts at the elementary school level is often a

challenge due to the abstract nature of the material and the lack of learning

approaches that are appropriate to the stage of students' cognitive development.

This urgency demands innovation in the application of contextual and adaptive

learning models. This article aims to review and analyze the effectiveness of various

relevant mathematics learning models applied in elementary schools, especially in

the material of flat shapes, through literature studies and empirical reviews. The

method used is descriptive qualitative research with a literature review approach,

referring to theoretical sources and the latest research results. The results of the

study show that models such as Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL), Problem-

Based Learning (PBL), and Indonesian Realistic Mathematics Education (PMRI)

can significantly improve students' conceptual understanding, engagement, and

critical thinking skills. In conclusion, the development of effective learning models

requires systemic support from teachers, schools, and policy makers. This study

recommends the need to strengthen teacher competence and cross-sector

collaboration to support meaningful and sustainable mathematics learning

innovations.