PARADIGMA PENDIDIKAN PADA MASA ORDE LAMA DI INDONESIA: LANDASAN FILOSOFIS, KEBIJAKAN, DAN IMPLEMENTASINYA (1945–1966)
Abstract
Education in the Old Order era (1945-1966) played a strategic role in shaping the identity of the Indonesian nation after independence. Education was positioned not only as a means of transferring knowledge, but also as an instrument of ideologization, national integration, and the legitimization of state power. Unstable political conditions and the strong influence of state ideology meant that the direction of education policy was heavily shaped by the political interests of the government. This study aims to analyze the educational paradigm of the Old Order era by examining its historical background, philosophical and ideological foundations, educational goals, curriculum policies, learning systems, and the role of the state and politics in the administration of education. The research method used is qualitative research with a library research approach. Data were obtained through the analysis of books, policy documents, and scholarly works relevant to the theme of Old Order education. The results show that the Old Order educational paradigm succeeded in instilling the values of nationalism and national unity, but at the same time tended to restrict academic freedom and the development of students’ critical thinking. These findings have important implications for the development of a more democratic and humanistic national education system today.
References
Djojonegoro, W. (1998). Pendidikan nasional dalam perspektif sejarah. Jakarta: Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan.
Kaelan. (2013). Negara kebangsaan Pancasila: Kultural, historis, filosofis, yuridis, dan aktualisasinya. Yogyakarta: Paradigma.
Santoso, S. (2011). Konsep pendidikan anak usia dini menurut pendirinya. Jakarta: UNJ.
Suryadi, A. (2014). Pendidikan Indonesia: Menuju 2025. Bandung: Remaja Rosdakarya.
Suyanto, & Hisyam, D. (2000). Refleksi dan reformasi pendidikan di Indonesia memasuki milenium III. Yogyakarta: Adicita Karya Nusa.
Tilaar, H. A. R. (2009). Kekuasaan dan pendidikan: Manajemen pendidikan nasional dalam pusaran kekuasaan. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Tilaar, H. A. R. (2012). Perubahan sosial dan pendidikan: Pengantar pedagogik transformatif untuk Indonesia. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.
Zamroni. (2011). Pendidikan demokrasi pada masyarakat multikultural. Yogyakarta: Gavin Kalam Utama.
Tobroni, T., & Firmansyah, E. (2022). Tipologi manajemen tradisional dan modern dalam perkembangan pendidikan pesantren. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 333-338.
Firmansyah, E. (2026). Anthropology of Religion. International Journal of Education and Cultural Transformation, 1(02).
Firmansyah, E. (2023). Various Paradigms in Islamic Educational Thought: Fundamentalism, Modernism, and Liberalism. International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 5(2), 139-145.
Bakar, M. Y. A., Firmansyah, E., & Abdeljelil, M. B. (2024). Legal framework analysis of Islamic religious education policy implementation. International Journal of Law and Society, 3(3), 217-237.
Tobroni, T., Firmansyah, E., Rajindra, R., & Fadli, N. (2023). Spirituality as a paradigm of peace education. Multicultural Islamic Education Review, 23-32.
Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., & Rusady, A. T. (2023). Internalisasi Ajaran Islam Dalam Aktivitas Budaya Etnik Kaili Prespektif Antropologi Pendidikan Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 9(1), 285-299.
Firmansyah, E., Anwar, S., & Khozin, K. (2023). Anthropological Approach to Islamic Education: Establishing Noble Spirituality in Overcoming Social Conflict. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 7(1), 163-172.
Firmansyah, E., Tobroni, T., & Romelah, R. (2023). Anthropology of Islamic Education as A Socio-Cultural-Religious Modernization Strategy in Alam Al-Kudus Islamic Boarding School. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(03).
Jamil, A. I. B., & Firmansyah, E. (2025). Embracing diversity: Navigating religious identity in multicultural societies. Online Journal of Research in Islamic Studies, 12(1), 37-60.
Firmansyah, E., Khozin, K., & Masdul, M. R. (2022). Implementasi Piaud Terhadap Anak–Anak Suku Kaili Pedalaman Di Desa Kalora Kabupaten Sigi. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 386-390.
Faridi, F., & Firmansyah, E. (2024). Kelembagaan pendidikan Islam di Nusantara: Surau, meunasah, masjid, pesantren, madrasah. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan Dan Keislaman, 19(1), 93-97.
Firmansyah, E., & Idris, A. (2024). Moderation as a Solution to Religious Harmony in Poso Central Sulawesi. International Journal of Law and Society, 3(1), 1-9.
Firmansyah, E., & Khozin, K. (2022). Teologi dan filsafat sebagai basis Pengembangan Kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 546-550.
Firmansyah, E., & Khozin, K. (2022). Teologi dan filsafat sebagai basis Pengembangan Kurikulum pendidikan agama Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 546-550.
Tobroni, T., Firmansyah, E., Masdul, M. R., & Anwar, S. (2024). Strengthening Islamic Education Values through Kaili Da'a Local Ethnic Cultural Symbol. Al-Hayat: Journal of Islamic Education, 8(1), 113-122.
Firmansyah, E., Sumantri, P. A. H., Mutmainna, N., & Azizah, N. (2025). Implementasi Ta'awun dan Ukhuwah Wathaniyah melalui Tradisi Gotong Royong di Desa Pombewe. Iqra: Jurnal Ilmu Kependidikan Dan Keislaman, 20(1), 14-25.
Syah, E. F., Khozin, K., & Haris, A. (2023). Merenda The History of Sheik Sya'ban in The Framework of Banggai Ethnic Islamic Educational Anthropology 8th Century Ad. Edukasi Islami: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 12(03).
Firmansyah, E., & Humaidi, M. N. (2022). Penerapan Media Pembelajaran Berbasis Teknologi dalam Menghadapi Turbulensi Pendidikan yang Berkemajuan. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(2), 660-665.
Firmansyah, E., Arifin, S., & Humaidi, M. N. (2023). Kebijakan Pendidikan Agama Islam di Sekolah Umum Zaman Jepang. JIIP-Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(12), 10446-10453.
Firmansyah, E., & Romelah, R. (2022). Implementasi Pembelajaran Pai Dengan Metode Discovery Learning Dalam Upaya Melatih Kemandirian Siswa (Studi Kasus: Sd Alam Ar-Rohmah Kec. Dau, Kab. Malang). Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 322-326.
Masdul, M. R., Firmansyah, E., Kuliawati, K., & Suardi Wekke, I. (2024). Transformation of Islamic Religious Education Through The Use of E-Learning and Interactive Technology. ScienceOpen Preprints.
Khozin, K., & Firmansyah, E. (2024). Development of a holistic spiritual education model in higher college: A multidisciplinary perspective. International Journal of Health, Economics, and Social Sciences (IJHESS), 6(3), 591-594.
Yazid, S., & Firmansyah, E. (2022). Analisis problematika dan solusi atas motivasi belajar peserta didik dalam pendidikan Islam. Research and Development Journal of Education, 8(1), 339-344.
Setiyawan, R., Hamsiah, W., Wahyuni, H. I., Ramadhan, S., & Firmansyah, E. (2026). Local Kyai's Religious Elite Transformation and Governance Paradox: A Comparative Study of Indonesia and Iran. International Journal of Law and Society, 5(2), 290-306.
