DAMPAK DIGITALISASI DAN EDUKASI TERHADAP PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN DI ASEAN: ANALISIS DATA PANEL 2005 – 2023
Keywords:
Female Labor Force Participation Rate (FLFPR), Digitalization, Internet Access, Tertiary Education, ASEAN, Panel Regression.
Abstract
This study analyzes the impact of digitalization and education on the female labor force participation rate (FLFPR) in 11 ASEAN member states, namely Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei Darussalam, and Timor-Leste, over the period 2005–2023. Digitalization is measured using indicators of internet access and mobile phone usage, while education is categorized into primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The data used in this study are sourced from the World Bank. Using a panel regression approach, the results show that internet access does not have a significant effect on female labor force participation, although it exhibits a positive relationship. Meanwhile, tertiary education has a positive and significant effect on female labor force participation, indicating the importance of higher education in encouraging women’s participation in the labor market. These findings highlight the importance of strengthening access to tertiary education alongside digital literacy to promote women’s economic empowerment in the ASEAN region.
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Adriana, R. (2024). Empowering women through digital technology. The ASEAN Magazine, (41).
Ahmad, R., Sharif, F., Ahmad, S., Gul, A., & Abdirasulova, Z. (2024). Does the digital economy improve female employment? A cross-country panel data analysis. Heliyon, 10(13), e33535.
Al Faizah, S. A., Perwithosuci, W., Hidayah, N., & Abidin, A. Z. (2022). Women’s literacy rate and women’s labor participation in ASEAN. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi dan Pembangunan, 23(1), 56–62.
Andlib, Z., & Khan, A. H. (2018). Low female labour force participation in Pakistan: Causes and factors. Global Social Sciences Review, 3(3), 237–264.
ASEAN. (2016). ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community Blueprint 2025. Jakarta, Indonesia: ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN. (2021). ASEAN Digital Masterplan 2025. Jakarta, Indonesia: ASEAN Secretariat.
ASEAN & UN Women. (2021). ASEAN women’s entrepreneurship report 2021. Jakarta, Indonesia: ASEAN Secretariat and UN Women.
Baltagi, B. H. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data (4th ed.). Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons.
Chang, T. Y., Duerto-Valero, S., Hong, W., Kaul, S., Lee, E., & Tinonin, C. (2024). ASEAN gender outlook 2024. Bangkok, Thailand: UN Women Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific.
Duwal, N., & Silwal, S. (2024). Female engagement in Asian workforce: Exploring the impact of ICT. Khwopa Journal, 6(1), 79–99.
Greene, W. H. (2012). Econometric analysis (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
GSMA. (2024). The mobile gender gap report 2024. London, England: GSMA Intelligence.
Gujarati, D. N. (2003). Basic econometrics (4th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
Harun, M. F., & Ibrahim, A. (2022). Female tertiary education across ASEAN countries: A descriptive analysis based on Barro-Lee educational attainment projection 2015–2020. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, 649.
Hausman, J. A. (1978). Specification tests in econometrics. Econometrica, 46(6), 1251–1271.
International Labour Organization. (2017). World employment and social outlook: Trends for women 2017. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office.
Im, K. S., Pesaran, M. H., & Shin, Y. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115(1), 53–74.
Kurniasari, W., Budiarty, I., & Murwiati, A. (2025). Economic and health dimension of female labor force participation in Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan, 14(1), 1–16.
Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24.
Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels (Cambridge Working Papers in Economics No. 0435). Cambridge, England: University of Cambridge.
Rogayah, S. (2021). Tingkat partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan dan upah riil: Analisis tingkat provinsi di Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi dan Kebijakan Publik, 12(1).
Sagoo, K. (2020). Literacy for all in ASEAN. The ASEAN Magazine, (4).
Shuangshuang, Y., Zhu, W., Mughal, N., Aparcana, S. I. V., & Muda, I. (2023). The impact of education and digitalization on female labour force participation in BRICS: An advanced panel data analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 10, 598.
UNICEF East Asia and Pacific Regional Office. (2021). Asia-Pacific girls’ digital divide. Bangkok, Thailand: UNICEF.
Woetzel, J., Seong, J., Mischke, J., Nyquist, S., McFarland, S., & Kapoor, N. (2018). The power of parity: Advancing women’s equality in Asia Pacific. New York, NY: McKinsey Global Institute.
World Bank. (2021). Access to childcare can improve women’s labor market outcomes in Indonesia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank. (2023). Gender equality for growth research and analytical program in Indonesia. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Published
2026-08-26
How to Cite
Rahma Putri, A. (2026). DAMPAK DIGITALISASI DAN EDUKASI TERHADAP PARTISIPASI ANGKATAN KERJA PEREMPUAN DI ASEAN: ANALISIS DATA PANEL 2005 – 2023. Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang, 12(3), 326 - 339. https://doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v12i3.18457
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Articles
