TINJAUAN PENDEKATAN ETNOMEDIS: PRODUK TANAMAN SEDATIF ALAMI UNTUK PENGOBATAN GANGGUAN KECEMASAN
Keywords:
Anxiety Disorders, Benzodiazepine, Natural Compound, Natural products, Plant for Anxiety Disorders, Sedative
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are common psychiatric conditions associated with significant
disability, influenced by a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and
epigenetic factors. Current first-line treatments, including Selective Serotonin
Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs), Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors
(SNRIs), and benzodiazepines, remain limited in efficacy and are associated with
adverse effects such as addiction, particularly with benzodiazepine use, highlighting
the need for novel pharmacological agents derived from natural compounds.
Therefore, this review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of natural
compound-based drugs investigated in clinical trials for their potential in treating
fear, anxiety, and trauma-related disorders, conducted through a systematic
literature search of PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases using the
keywords "natural compound" and "plant for anxiety disorder." The review identified
14 plants with potential benefits for anxiety disorders owing to their sedative
properties, among which Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) demonstrated superior
sedative effects compared to benzodiazepine-class benchmark controls, suggesting
its promising potential as a novel therapeutic candidate. Nevertheless, further
investigation including well-designed clinical trials remains necessary to confirm the
safety and efficacy of these natural substances in the management of anxiety
disorders.
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Avery BA, Boddu SP, Sharma A, Furr EB, Leon F, Cutler SJ, & McCurdy CR. (2019). Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Mitragynine after Oral Administration of Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Leaf Extracts in Rats.
Balon, R., & Starcevic, V. (2020). Role of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1191, 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_20/COVER
Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017a). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/BBANDELOW
Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017b). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Retrieved from www.dialogues-cns.org
Bath R, Bucholz T, Buros AF, Singh D, Smith KE, Veltri CA, & Grundmann O. (2020). Self-reported Health Diagnoses and Demographic Correlates With Kratom Use: Results From an Online Survey.
Bhuyan, B., & Sonowal, R. (2021). AN OVERVIEW OF Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.exLindl. AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON HEALTH. Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research, 8(1). Retrieved from www.dibru.ac.in./ctpr
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Chiavaroli, A., Di Simone, S. C., Sinan, K. I., Ciferri, M. C., Flores, G. A., Zengin, G., … Orlando, G. (2020). Pharmacological properties and chemical profiles of Passiflora foetida L. Extracts: Novel insights for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Processes, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091034
Darkwah, W. K., Koomson, D. A., Miwornunyuie, N., Nkoom, M., & Puplampu, J. B. (2020). Review: phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Solanum torvum fruits. All Life, 13(1), 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2020.1817799
Eastlack, S. C., Cornett, E. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2020). Kratom—Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review. Pain and Therapy, 9(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40122-020-00151-X
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Erjon, Putri Widya Ningsih, & Yopi Rikmasari. (2017). EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI WORTEL (Daucus carota L.). 2017.
Galur Balb, J. (2013). UJI EFEK SEDATIF FRAKSI ETANOL DAUN KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) PADA MENCIT.
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2021a). Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. FOCUS, 19(2), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.19203
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2021b). Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. FOCUS, 19(2), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.19203
Grundmann O. (2017). Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey.
Hartley II, C., Bulloch, M., & Penzak, S. R. (2022). Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 62(5), 577–593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.2001
Javaid, S. F., Hashim, I. J., Hashim, M. J., Stip, E., Samad, M. A., & Ahbabi, A. Al. (2023). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 30(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S43045-023-00315-3/FIGURES/4
Koley, A., Kumar Biswas, S., Sadhukhan, N., Ghosh, S., & Sasmal, P. (2023). Biological evaluation of Ficus elastica leaves for antidepressant and anxiolytic activity.
Kumarnsit, E., Keawpradub, N., & Nuankaew, W. (2007). Effect of Mitragyna speciosa aqueous extract on ethanol withdrawal symptoms in mice. Fitoterapia, 78(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2006.11.012
Kumarnsit, E., Vongvatcharanon, U., Keawpradub, N., & Intasaro, P. (2007). Fos-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal raphe nuclei induced by alkaloid extract of Mitragyna speciosa. Neuroscience Letters, 416(2), 128–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.061
Kurniawan, R. A., & Febriani, D. R. (2018). Uji Efek Sedatif Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kecubung Muda (Datura Metel L.) Pada Mencit Putih Jantan (Mus Musculus) Galur Wistar. In JIKF (Vol. 6).
Lestari, W., & Lestari, F. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Hipnotik-Sedatif Ekstrak Etanol Biji Seledri (Apium graveolens. L.) pada Mencit Swiss Webster Jantan Dalam Mengatasi Gejala Gangguan Tidur (Insomnia). https://doi.org/10.29313/.v6i2.22818
Lindsay E. Johnson, L. B. A. M. F. S. R. S. S. W. C. A. V. M. T. S. Z. W. O. G. (2020). The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic.
Makanaung, E., Rorong, J. A., & Suryanto, E. (2021). ANALISIS FITOKIMIA DAN UJI EFEK SEDATIF DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN BEBERAPA FRAKSI DAGING BUAH PALA (Myristica Fragrans Houtt). CHEMISTRY PROGRESS, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.14.1.2021.34075
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NIDA. (2018). DrugFacts Prescription CNS Depressants DrugFacts What are prescription CNS depressants?
Prevete, E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Theunissen, E. L., Corazza, O., Bersani, G., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2022, January 1). A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans. Human Psychopharmacology, Vol. 37. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2805
Sabetghadam, A., Navaratnam, V., & Mansor, S. M. (2013). Doseresponse relationship, acute toxicity, and therapeutic index between the alkaloid extract of mitragyna speciosa and its main active compound mitragynine in mice. Drug Development Research, 74(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21052
Saputri, M., Sudewi, S., Karimah, N., & Nadia, S. (2021). UJI EFEKTIVITAS SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN RAMBUSA (Passiflora foetida L.) TERHADAP MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus). Journal of Pharmaceutical And Sciences, 4(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.36490/JOURNAL-JPS.COM.V4I2.80
Ströhle, A. (2005). New pharmacological treatment approaches for anxiety disorders. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 169(169), 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28082-0_18
Sulistiyati, N. T., Aisyah, R., & Sutrisna, E. (2019). The potential effect of pandan wangi leaf “pandanus amaryllifolius roxb.’’ extract from Indonesia as time sleep inductor. International Journal of Current Research in Physiology and Pharmacology (IJCRPP), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.31878/ijcrpp.2019.34.2
Syamsi, N., Alfia, A., Tanra, M., & Lestari, N. H. (2019). UJI EFEK SEDASI EKSTRAK KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea Aquatica) PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus). In Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako (Vol. 5).
Tamalawe, A. K., Potalangi, N. O., Tulandi, H. V, & Paat, V. I. (2021). UJI POTENSI EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK BUNGA KECUBUNG Datura metel, Linn PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN Rattus norvegicus. Majalah InfoSains, 2021(1), 38–47.
Thibaut, F. (2017). Anxiety disorders: A review of current literature. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, Vol. 19, pp. 87–88. Les Laboratoires Seriver. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/fthibaut
Tiwow, G., Karauwan, F., & Untu, S. (2018). UJI EFEK SEDAT`IF EKSTRAK DAUN SELADA Lactuca sativa L. PADA TIKUS PUTIH Rattus norvegicus. The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutical), 2018(1), 18–23.
Trakulsrichai S, Sathirakul K, Auparakkitanon S, Krongvorakul J, Sueajai J, Noumjad N, … Wananukul W. (2015). Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man.
Widyastiwi, W., & Roseno, M. (2022). Anxiolytic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Three Species of Indonesian Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber aromaticum, and Zingiber americans). Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(A), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9132
Yustinus Ulung Anggraito, R. Susanti, Retno Sri Iswari, Ari Yuniastuti, Lisdiana, Nugrahaningsih WH, … Siti Harnina Bintari. (2018). METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI TANAMAN.
Zakir uddin, Anwar ali shad, Jehan bakht, Inam ullah, & Saleem jan. (2015). In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Apium graveolens - PubMed. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408890/
Zidna Akmala Dewi, Esti Dyah Utami, & Vitis Vini Fera. (2020). UJI EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT DAUN SELADA.
Al-Snafi, A. E. (2014). The Pharmacology of Apium graveolens.-A Review Medicinal plants with detoxification and protective effects View project Virtual Learninggggg View project The Pharmacology of Apium graveolens.-A Review. In International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars (IJPRS. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/313676705
Arifur Rahman Chowdhury, M., -, M., & Mazedul Haq, M. (2017). Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt (Myristicaceae). In Phytochemical and Pharmacological Activity of Myristica fragrans Houtt (Myristicaceae) Article in INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH. Retrieved from www.ijtpr.com
Arsyad, A. S., Nurrochmad, A., & Fakhrudin, N. (2023, January 1). Phytochemistry, traditional uses, and pharmacological activities of Ficus elastica Roxb. ex Hornem: A review. Journal of HerbMed Pharmacology, Vol. 12, pp. 41–53. Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences. https://doi.org/10.34172/jhp.2023.04
Avery BA, Boddu SP, Sharma A, Furr EB, Leon F, Cutler SJ, & McCurdy CR. (2019). Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Mitragynine after Oral Administration of Mitragyna speciosa (Kratom) Leaf Extracts in Rats.
Balon, R., & Starcevic, V. (2020). Role of benzodiazepines in anxiety disorders. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 1191, 367–388. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9705-0_20/COVER
Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017a). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 19(2), 93. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.2/BBANDELOW
Bandelow, B., Michaelis, S., & Wedekind, D. (2017b). Treatment of anxiety disorders. Retrieved from www.dialogues-cns.org
Bath R, Bucholz T, Buros AF, Singh D, Smith KE, Veltri CA, & Grundmann O. (2020). Self-reported Health Diagnoses and Demographic Correlates With Kratom Use: Results From an Online Survey.
Bhuyan, B., & Sonowal, R. (2021). AN OVERVIEW OF Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.exLindl. AND ITS POTENTIAL IMPACT ON HEALTH. Current Trends in Pharmaceutical Research, 8(1). Retrieved from www.dibru.ac.in./ctpr
Bihani, T. (2021). Plumeria rubra L.– A review on its ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 264, 113291. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JEP.2020.113291
Bystritsky, A., Khalsa, S. S., Cameron, M. E., & Schiffman, J. (2013). Current Diagnosis and Treatment of Anxiety Disorders. Pharmacy and Therapeutics, 38(1), 30. Retrieved from /pmc/articles/PMC3628173/
Chatterjee, M., Verma, R., Lakshmi, V., Sengupta, S., Verma, A. K., Mahdi, A. A., & Palit, G. (2013). Anxiolytic effects of Plumeria rubra var. acutifolia (Poiret) L. flower extracts in the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety in mice. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 6(2), 113–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2012.09.005
Chiavaroli, A., Di Simone, S. C., Sinan, K. I., Ciferri, M. C., Flores, G. A., Zengin, G., … Orlando, G. (2020). Pharmacological properties and chemical profiles of Passiflora foetida L. Extracts: Novel insights for pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals. Processes, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8091034
Darkwah, W. K., Koomson, D. A., Miwornunyuie, N., Nkoom, M., & Puplampu, J. B. (2020). Review: phytochemistry and medicinal properties of Solanum torvum fruits. All Life, 13(1), 498–506. https://doi.org/10.1080/26895293.2020.1817799
Eastlack, S. C., Cornett, E. M., & Kaye, A. D. (2020). Kratom—Pharmacology, Clinical Implications, and Outlook: A Comprehensive Review. Pain and Therapy, 9(1), 55. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40122-020-00151-X
Erjon, Desi Trisiah, & Yunita Listiani Imanda. (2021). Efek Sedatif Ekstrak Etanol Buah Pare (Momordica charantia L.) Terhadap. In SCIENTIA J. Far. Kes (Vol. 11).
Erjon, Putri Widya Ningsih, & Yopi Rikmasari. (2017). EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETANOL UMBI WORTEL (Daucus carota L.). 2017.
Galur Balb, J. (2013). UJI EFEK SEDATIF FRAKSI ETANOL DAUN KRATOM (Mitragyna speciosa Korth.) PADA MENCIT.
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2021a). Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. FOCUS, 19(2), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.19203
Garakani, A., Murrough, J. W., Freire, R. C., Thom, R. P., Larkin, K., Buono, F. D., & Iosifescu, D. V. (2021b). Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety Disorders: Current and Emerging Treatment Options. FOCUS, 19(2), 222–242. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.focus.19203
Grundmann O. (2017). Patterns of Kratom use and health impact in the US-Results from an online survey.
Hartley II, C., Bulloch, M., & Penzak, S. R. (2022). Clinical Pharmacology of the Dietary Supplement Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa). The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 62(5), 577–593. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1002/jcph.2001
Javaid, S. F., Hashim, I. J., Hashim, M. J., Stip, E., Samad, M. A., & Ahbabi, A. Al. (2023). Epidemiology of anxiety disorders: global burden and sociodemographic associations. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 30(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/S43045-023-00315-3/FIGURES/4
Koley, A., Kumar Biswas, S., Sadhukhan, N., Ghosh, S., & Sasmal, P. (2023). Biological evaluation of Ficus elastica leaves for antidepressant and anxiolytic activity.
Kumarnsit, E., Keawpradub, N., & Nuankaew, W. (2007). Effect of Mitragyna speciosa aqueous extract on ethanol withdrawal symptoms in mice. Fitoterapia, 78(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2006.11.012
Kumarnsit, E., Vongvatcharanon, U., Keawpradub, N., & Intasaro, P. (2007). Fos-like immunoreactivity in rat dorsal raphe nuclei induced by alkaloid extract of Mitragyna speciosa. Neuroscience Letters, 416(2), 128–132. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neulet.2007.01.061
Kurniawan, R. A., & Febriani, D. R. (2018). Uji Efek Sedatif Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kecubung Muda (Datura Metel L.) Pada Mencit Putih Jantan (Mus Musculus) Galur Wistar. In JIKF (Vol. 6).
Lestari, W., & Lestari, F. (2020). Uji Aktivitas Hipnotik-Sedatif Ekstrak Etanol Biji Seledri (Apium graveolens. L.) pada Mencit Swiss Webster Jantan Dalam Mengatasi Gejala Gangguan Tidur (Insomnia). https://doi.org/10.29313/.v6i2.22818
Lindsay E. Johnson, L. B. A. M. F. S. R. S. S. W. C. A. V. M. T. S. Z. W. O. G. (2020). The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic.
Makanaung, E., Rorong, J. A., & Suryanto, E. (2021). ANALISIS FITOKIMIA DAN UJI EFEK SEDATIF DARI EKSTRAK ETANOL DAN BEBERAPA FRAKSI DAGING BUAH PALA (Myristica Fragrans Houtt). CHEMISTRY PROGRESS, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.35799/cp.14.1.2021.34075
Monira, K. M., & Munan, S. M. (2012). REVIEW ON DATURA METEL: A POTENTIAL MEDICINAL PLANT. In Global Journal of Research on Medicinal Plants & Indigenous Medicine GJRMI (Vol. 1). Retrieved from www.gjrmi.comwww.gjrmi.com
NIDA. (2018). DrugFacts Prescription CNS Depressants DrugFacts What are prescription CNS depressants?
Prevete, E., Kuypers, K. P. C., Theunissen, E. L., Corazza, O., Bersani, G., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2022, January 1). A systematic review of (pre)clinical studies on the therapeutic potential and safety profile of kratom in humans. Human Psychopharmacology, Vol. 37. John Wiley and Sons Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/hup.2805
Sabetghadam, A., Navaratnam, V., & Mansor, S. M. (2013). Doseresponse relationship, acute toxicity, and therapeutic index between the alkaloid extract of mitragyna speciosa and its main active compound mitragynine in mice. Drug Development Research, 74(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/ddr.21052
Saputri, M., Sudewi, S., Karimah, N., & Nadia, S. (2021). UJI EFEKTIVITAS SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN RAMBUSA (Passiflora foetida L.) TERHADAP MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus). Journal of Pharmaceutical And Sciences, 4(2), 93–100. https://doi.org/10.36490/JOURNAL-JPS.COM.V4I2.80
Ströhle, A. (2005). New pharmacological treatment approaches for anxiety disorders. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 169(169), 503–526. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-28082-0_18
Sulistiyati, N. T., Aisyah, R., & Sutrisna, E. (2019). The potential effect of pandan wangi leaf “pandanus amaryllifolius roxb.’’ extract from Indonesia as time sleep inductor. International Journal of Current Research in Physiology and Pharmacology (IJCRPP), 5–7. https://doi.org/10.31878/ijcrpp.2019.34.2
Syamsi, N., Alfia, A., Tanra, M., & Lestari, N. H. (2019). UJI EFEK SEDASI EKSTRAK KANGKUNG AIR (Ipomoea Aquatica) PADA MENCIT (Mus musculus). In Jurnal Kesehatan Tadulako (Vol. 5).
Tamalawe, A. K., Potalangi, N. O., Tulandi, H. V, & Paat, V. I. (2021). UJI POTENSI EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK BUNGA KECUBUNG Datura metel, Linn PADA TIKUS PUTIH JANTAN Rattus norvegicus. Majalah InfoSains, 2021(1), 38–47.
Thibaut, F. (2017). Anxiety disorders: A review of current literature. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, Vol. 19, pp. 87–88. Les Laboratoires Seriver. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2017.19.2/fthibaut
Tiwow, G., Karauwan, F., & Untu, S. (2018). UJI EFEK SEDAT`IF EKSTRAK DAUN SELADA Lactuca sativa L. PADA TIKUS PUTIH Rattus norvegicus. The Tropical Journal of Biopharmaceutical), 2018(1), 18–23.
Trakulsrichai S, Sathirakul K, Auparakkitanon S, Krongvorakul J, Sueajai J, Noumjad N, … Wananukul W. (2015). Pharmacokinetics of mitragynine in man.
Widyastiwi, W., & Roseno, M. (2022). Anxiolytic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Three Species of Indonesian Lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet, Zingiber aromaticum, and Zingiber americans). Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(A), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9132
Yustinus Ulung Anggraito, R. Susanti, Retno Sri Iswari, Ari Yuniastuti, Lisdiana, Nugrahaningsih WH, … Siti Harnina Bintari. (2018). METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI TANAMAN.
Zakir uddin, Anwar ali shad, Jehan bakht, Inam ullah, & Saleem jan. (2015). In vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Apium graveolens - PubMed. Retrieved August 14, 2023, from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26408890/
Zidna Akmala Dewi, Esti Dyah Utami, & Vitis Vini Fera. (2020). UJI EFEK SEDATIF EKSTRAK ETIL ASETAT DAUN SELADA.
Published
2026-07-23
How to Cite
Dita Sheilla Putri Wahyuningtias, Putu Desy Sagita Ananda, & Laurens Frestasya A. Turnip. (2026). TINJAUAN PENDEKATAN ETNOMEDIS: PRODUK TANAMAN SEDATIF ALAMI UNTUK PENGOBATAN GANGGUAN KECEMASAN . Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang, 12(3), 439 - 453. https://doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v12i3.17696
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