REKOMENDASI IMPLEMENTASI TEKNOLOGI PIROLISIS UNTUK KONVERSI ENERGI LIMBAH TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DI SUMATERA UTARA: STRATEGI PENERAPAN DAN ARAH PENELITIAN LANJUTAN
Keywords:
Kata Kunci: Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS), Pirolisis, Bio-oil, Syngas, Bio-char, Energi Terbarukan, Waste to Energy.
Abstract
ABSTRAK
Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah biomassa utama
dari industri kelapa sawit yang memiliki potensi besar sebagai sumber
energi terbarukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyusun rekomendasi
implementasi teknologi pirolisis untuk konversi energi TKKS di Sumatera
Utara serta mengidentifikasi arah penelitian lanjutan yang mendukung
penerapan teknologi pada skala industri. Metode yang digunakan adalah
kajian literatur pengembangan (development review) dengan menganalisis
berbagai penelitian terkait mekanisme pirolisis, desain reaktor, parameter
operasi, pemanfaatan produk, serta aspek ekonomi dan lingkungan. Hasil
kajian menunjukkan bahwa teknologi pirolisis mampu mengonversi TKKS
menjadi bio-oil, syngas, dan bio-char yang memiliki nilai ekonomi dan
manfaat lingkungan. Implementasi teknologi direkomendasikan melalui
pengembangan reaktor kontinu, optimasi sistem perpindahan panas dan
kondensasi, pemanfaatan syngas sebagai sumber energi internal, serta
penerapan konsep zero waste processing. Selain itu, diperlukan analisis
techno-economic assessment (TEA), life cycle assessment (LCA), dan
integrasi teknologi berbasis Internet of Things (IoT) untuk meningkatkan
efisiensi dan kesiapan teknologi menuju skala komersial. Penerapan
teknologi pirolisis berpotensi mendukung pengelolaan limbah yang
berkelanjutan, meningkatkan nilai tambah biomassa, serta memperkuat
transisi energi terbarukan pada industri kelapa sawit di Sumatera Utara.
References
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Chemical and Environmental
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2021.100195.
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Sumatera Utara. (2022).
Direktori perusahaan
perkebunan kelapa sawit
Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi
Sumatera Utara.
Basu, P. (2018). Biomass
Gasification, Pyrolysis and
Torrefaction: Practical Design
and Theory (3rd ed.).
Academic Press.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2012). Review of
fast pyrolysis of biomass and
product upgrading. Biomass
and Bioenergy, 38, 68–94.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2018). Challenges
and Opportunities in Fast
Pyrolysis of Biomass. Johnson
Matthey Technology Review,
62(1), 118–130.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2018). Challenges
and opportunities in fast
pyrolysis of biomass. Thermal
Science, 22(1), 3–15.
Bridgwater, A.V. (2022). Challenges
and opportunities in fast
pyrolysis of biomass: Techno
economic perspectives.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 161,
106455.
Czernik, S., & Bridgwater, A. V.
(2004). Overview of
applications of biomass fast
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang,
ISSN Cetak : 2477-5673 ISSN Online : 2614-722X
Volume XX Nomor XX, Bulan Tahun
pyrolysis oil. Energy &
Fuels, 18(2), 590–598.
Demirbas, A. (2009). Pyrolysis
Mechanisms of Biomass
Materials. Energy
Sources.
Elhenawy, Y., et al. (2024).
Experimental Analysis
and Numerical Simulation
of Biomass Pyrolysis.
Journal of Thermal
Analysis and Calorimetry,
149, 10369–10383.
Febriyanti, F., Fadila, N.,
Sanjaya, A. S., Bindar, Y.,
& Irawan, A. (2019).
Pemanfaatan limbah
tandan kosong kelapa
sawit menjadi bio-char,
bio-oil dan gas dengan
metode pirolisis. Jurnal
Chemurgy, 3(2), 12–17.
https://doi.org/10.30872/c
mg.v3i2.3578
Ferdiyanto, A., Munfaridi, F. H.,
& Hidayat, A. (2020).
Pengaruh temperatur
proses pirolisis tandan
kosong kelapa sawit
(TKKS) terhadap
karakteristik bio-oil.
Khazanah: Jurnal
Mahasiswa, 8(1), 12–20.
https://doi.org/10.20885/3
812016
Fuadi, A. M., & Pranoto, H.
(2016). Pemanfaatan
limbah tandan kosong
kelapa sawit sebagai
bahan baku pembuatan
glukosa. Chemica: Jurnal
Teknik Kimia, 3(1), 1–5.
Ganing, M., Sariwahyuni, S.,
Kartika, A. A., Yusuf, A. A.
I. S., Amin, I., &
Masnawati. (2025).
Pirolisis tandan kosong
kelapa sawit untuk
meningkatkan kualitas biochar.
Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Mineral,
4(2), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.61844/jtkm.v
4i2.1228
Guedes, R. E., Luna, A. S., & Torres,
A. R. (2018). Operating
Parameters for Bio-Oil
Production in Biomass
Pyrolysis: A Review. Journal of
Analytical and Applied
Pyrolysis, 129, 134–149.
Haryanti, A., Norsamsi, N., Sholiha, P.
S. F., & Putri, N. P. (2014).
Studi pemanfaatan limbah
padat kelapa sawit. Jurnal
Konversi, 3(2), 57–66.
https://doi.org/10.24853/konve
rsi.3.2.57-66
Hossain, N., Zaini, J.H., & Mahlia,
T.M.I. (2020). A review of
biochar utilization for
environmental applications.
Environmental Technology &
Innovation, 19, 100962.
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(2024). Net Zero Roadmap:
2024 Update. Paris:
International Energy Agency.
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Agency (IRENA). (2023).
Renewable Energy and
Bioenergy Outlook 2023. Abu
Dhabi: IRENA.
Isykapurnama, S., Sarastri, D., &
Mahardika, H. (2021). Potensi
teknologi pengolahan berbasis
pirolisis dalam penanganan
limbah biomassa. Generics:
Journal of Research in
Pharmacy, 1(1), 34–43.
Jamilatun, S., Hakika, D.C., Sarah, D.,
& Puspitasari, A. (2024).
Generation and
Characterization of Bio-Oil
Obtained From The Slow
Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang,
ISSN Cetak : 2477-5673 ISSN Online : 2614-722X
Volume XX Nomor XX, Bulan Tahun
Fruit Bunches at Various
Temperatures. Elkawnie,
10(1).
Kurniawan, T.A., Avtar, R.,
Othman, M.H.D., et al.
(2022).
Biochar
environmental
remediation
sustainable
for
and
waste
management. Science of
the Total Environment,
817, 152865.
Lehmann,
J.,
Cowie,
A.,
Masiello, C.A., et al.
(2021). Biochar in climate
change mitigation. Nature
Geoscience,
14(12),
883–892.
Lubis, R. P., & Zulfan, Z. (2026).
Potensi konversi energi
pirolisis
dalam
pengolahan
limbah
tandan kosong kelapa
sawit di Sumatera Utara.
Jurnal
Ilmiah
Kajian
Multidisipliner, 10(1), 45
54.
https://doi.org/10.2110
2151
Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U., &
Steele, P. H. (2006).
Pyrolysis
of
wood/biomass for bio-oil:
A critical review. Energy &
Fuels, 20(3), 848–889.
Montgomery, D. C. (2017).
Design and Analysis of
Experiments (9th ed.).
Wiley.
Mujiarto, S., Ristianingsih, Y.,
Amrullah, A., & Khalid, A.
(2014).
Studi
proses
pirolisis tandan kosong
sawit menjadi bio oil
sebagai energi alternatif.
PolhaSains, 2(2), 21–25.
Nasriani, H. R., & Ghiri, M. N.
(2026).
Biomass
Pyrolysis: Recent Advances in
Characterisation and Energy
Utilisation. Processes, 14(8),
1321.
Nur, T. B., & Kongnardi, J. (2021).
Simulation analysis of the
pyrolysis
process for the
production of syngas from oil
palm empty fruit bunch and
fiber. IOP Conference Series:
Earth
and Environmental
Science,
927,
012033.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755
1315/927/1/012033
Nur, T. B., Yansen, V., & Wibowo, R.
P. (2021). Simulation analysis
of bio-oil from slow pyrolysis
using palm empty fruit bunch.
IOP
Conference
Materials
Science
Series:
and
Engineering, 1122, 012113.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757
899X/1122/1/012113
Pogaku, R., Hardinge, B.S., Vuthaluru,
H.,
& Amir, H.A. (2016).
Production of Bio-Oil from Oil
Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by
Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis: A
Review. Biofuels, 7(6), 647
660.
https://doi.org/10.1080/175972
69.2016.1187539.
Qureshi, K. M., et al. (2018). A
Technical Review on Semi
Continuous and Continuous
Pyrolysis Process of Biomass
to Bio-Oil. Journal of Analytical
and Applied Pyrolysis, 131, 52
75.
Rasaq, W. A., Okpala, C. O. R.,
Igwegbe, C. A., & Białowiec, A.
(2024). Navigating Pyrolysis
Implementation—A
Tutorial
Review
on Consideration
Factors and Thermochemical
Operating
Methods
Biomass
for
Conversion.
Materials, 17(3), 725.
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang,
ISSN Cetak : 2477-5673 ISSN Online : 2614-722X
Volume XX Nomor XX, Bulan Tahun
Rex,
P.,
Ismail,
K.R.M.,
Meenakshisundaram, N.,
et al. (2023). Agricultural
Biomass
Waste
to
Biochar: A Review on
Biochar
Applications
Using Machine Learning
Approach and Circular
Economy.
ChemEngineering, 7(3),
50.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ch
emengineering7030050.
Ristianingsih, Y., Ulfa, A., &
Syafitri, R. K. (2015).
Pengaruh suhu dan
konsentrasi
perekat
terhadap
karakteristik
briket bioarang berbahan
baku tandan kosong
kelapa sawit dengan
proses pirolisis. Jurnal
Konversi, 4(2), 45–51.
Setiawan, A., Zakarya, M. A., &
Nur,
T.
B.
Experimental
investigation
simulation
pyrolysis
of
(2022).
and
slow
process
Arabica
of
coffee
agroindustry residues in a
pilot-scale
reactor.
Journal
of
Ecological
Engineering, 23(8), 260
269.
https://doi.org/10.12911/2
2998993/150693
Sinaga, F. T. H., Napitupulu, F.
H., & Nur, T. B. (2019).
Hydrogen gas production
simulation utilizing empty fruit
bunch of oil palm pyrolysis unit
by steam methane reforming
process. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series, 1566,
012125.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742
6596/1566/1/012125
Sondakh, R. C. (2020). Analisis
sistem optimasi bio-oil dari
tandan kosong kelapa sawit.
Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri
Pertanian Indonesia, 12(2),
65–72.
Sunarno, S. (2014). Pirolisis katalitik
tandan kosong sawit menjadi
bio-oil dengan katalis HZSM-5.
Eksergi,
11(1),
7–10.
https://doi.org/10.31315/e.v11i
1.325
Sustainability
Review.
(2025).
Biomass Pyrolysis Pathways
for
Renewable Energy and
Sustainable
Resource
Recovery.
17(17), 7806.
Sustainability,
Tamagno, I. J., et al. (2025). Impact of
Operational Parameters on the
Yield of Biochar, Bio-Oil, and
Pyrolytic Gas in Lignocellulosic
Biomass
Pyrolysis:
Systematic
Bioresource
A
Review.
Technology
Reports, 30, 102155.
United
Nations
Environment
Programme (UNEP). (2024).
Global Waste Management
Outlook 2024. Nairobi: UNEP.
and the upgrading technologies:
A review. Case Studies in
Chemical and Environmental
Engineering, 4, 100195.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.
2021.100195.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi
Sumatera Utara. (2022).
Direktori perusahaan
perkebunan kelapa sawit
Provinsi Sumatera Utara.
Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi
Sumatera Utara.
Basu, P. (2018). Biomass
Gasification, Pyrolysis and
Torrefaction: Practical Design
and Theory (3rd ed.).
Academic Press.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2012). Review of
fast pyrolysis of biomass and
product upgrading. Biomass
and Bioenergy, 38, 68–94.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2018). Challenges
and Opportunities in Fast
Pyrolysis of Biomass. Johnson
Matthey Technology Review,
62(1), 118–130.
Bridgwater, A. V. (2018). Challenges
and opportunities in fast
pyrolysis of biomass. Thermal
Science, 22(1), 3–15.
Bridgwater, A.V. (2022). Challenges
and opportunities in fast
pyrolysis of biomass: Techno
economic perspectives.
Biomass and Bioenergy, 161,
106455.
Czernik, S., & Bridgwater, A. V.
(2004). Overview of
applications of biomass fast
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang,
ISSN Cetak : 2477-5673 ISSN Online : 2614-722X
Volume XX Nomor XX, Bulan Tahun
pyrolysis oil. Energy &
Fuels, 18(2), 590–598.
Demirbas, A. (2009). Pyrolysis
Mechanisms of Biomass
Materials. Energy
Sources.
Elhenawy, Y., et al. (2024).
Experimental Analysis
and Numerical Simulation
of Biomass Pyrolysis.
Journal of Thermal
Analysis and Calorimetry,
149, 10369–10383.
Febriyanti, F., Fadila, N.,
Sanjaya, A. S., Bindar, Y.,
& Irawan, A. (2019).
Pemanfaatan limbah
tandan kosong kelapa
sawit menjadi bio-char,
bio-oil dan gas dengan
metode pirolisis. Jurnal
Chemurgy, 3(2), 12–17.
https://doi.org/10.30872/c
mg.v3i2.3578
Ferdiyanto, A., Munfaridi, F. H.,
& Hidayat, A. (2020).
Pengaruh temperatur
proses pirolisis tandan
kosong kelapa sawit
(TKKS) terhadap
karakteristik bio-oil.
Khazanah: Jurnal
Mahasiswa, 8(1), 12–20.
https://doi.org/10.20885/3
812016
Fuadi, A. M., & Pranoto, H.
(2016). Pemanfaatan
limbah tandan kosong
kelapa sawit sebagai
bahan baku pembuatan
glukosa. Chemica: Jurnal
Teknik Kimia, 3(1), 1–5.
Ganing, M., Sariwahyuni, S.,
Kartika, A. A., Yusuf, A. A.
I. S., Amin, I., &
Masnawati. (2025).
Pirolisis tandan kosong
kelapa sawit untuk
meningkatkan kualitas biochar.
Jurnal Teknologi Kimia Mineral,
4(2), 1–8.
https://doi.org/10.61844/jtkm.v
4i2.1228
Guedes, R. E., Luna, A. S., & Torres,
A. R. (2018). Operating
Parameters for Bio-Oil
Production in Biomass
Pyrolysis: A Review. Journal of
Analytical and Applied
Pyrolysis, 129, 134–149.
Haryanti, A., Norsamsi, N., Sholiha, P.
S. F., & Putri, N. P. (2014).
Studi pemanfaatan limbah
padat kelapa sawit. Jurnal
Konversi, 3(2), 57–66.
https://doi.org/10.24853/konve
rsi.3.2.57-66
Hossain, N., Zaini, J.H., & Mahlia,
T.M.I. (2020). A review of
biochar utilization for
environmental applications.
Environmental Technology &
Innovation, 19, 100962.
International Energy Agency (IEA).
(2024). Net Zero Roadmap:
2024 Update. Paris:
International Energy Agency.
International Renewable Energy
Agency (IRENA). (2023).
Renewable Energy and
Bioenergy Outlook 2023. Abu
Dhabi: IRENA.
Isykapurnama, S., Sarastri, D., &
Mahardika, H. (2021). Potensi
teknologi pengolahan berbasis
pirolisis dalam penanganan
limbah biomassa. Generics:
Journal of Research in
Pharmacy, 1(1), 34–43.
Jamilatun, S., Hakika, D.C., Sarah, D.,
& Puspitasari, A. (2024).
Generation and
Characterization of Bio-Oil
Obtained From The Slow
Pyrolysis of Oil Palm Empty
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang,
ISSN Cetak : 2477-5673 ISSN Online : 2614-722X
Volume XX Nomor XX, Bulan Tahun
Fruit Bunches at Various
Temperatures. Elkawnie,
10(1).
Kurniawan, T.A., Avtar, R.,
Othman, M.H.D., et al.
(2022).
Biochar
environmental
remediation
sustainable
for
and
waste
management. Science of
the Total Environment,
817, 152865.
Lehmann,
J.,
Cowie,
A.,
Masiello, C.A., et al.
(2021). Biochar in climate
change mitigation. Nature
Geoscience,
14(12),
883–892.
Lubis, R. P., & Zulfan, Z. (2026).
Potensi konversi energi
pirolisis
dalam
pengolahan
limbah
tandan kosong kelapa
sawit di Sumatera Utara.
Jurnal
Ilmiah
Kajian
Multidisipliner, 10(1), 45
54.
https://doi.org/10.2110
2151
Mohan, D., Pittman, C. U., &
Steele, P. H. (2006).
Pyrolysis
of
wood/biomass for bio-oil:
A critical review. Energy &
Fuels, 20(3), 848–889.
Montgomery, D. C. (2017).
Design and Analysis of
Experiments (9th ed.).
Wiley.
Mujiarto, S., Ristianingsih, Y.,
Amrullah, A., & Khalid, A.
(2014).
Studi
proses
pirolisis tandan kosong
sawit menjadi bio oil
sebagai energi alternatif.
PolhaSains, 2(2), 21–25.
Nasriani, H. R., & Ghiri, M. N.
(2026).
Biomass
Pyrolysis: Recent Advances in
Characterisation and Energy
Utilisation. Processes, 14(8),
1321.
Nur, T. B., & Kongnardi, J. (2021).
Simulation analysis of the
pyrolysis
process for the
production of syngas from oil
palm empty fruit bunch and
fiber. IOP Conference Series:
Earth
and Environmental
Science,
927,
012033.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1755
1315/927/1/012033
Nur, T. B., Yansen, V., & Wibowo, R.
P. (2021). Simulation analysis
of bio-oil from slow pyrolysis
using palm empty fruit bunch.
IOP
Conference
Materials
Science
Series:
and
Engineering, 1122, 012113.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1757
899X/1122/1/012113
Pogaku, R., Hardinge, B.S., Vuthaluru,
H.,
& Amir, H.A. (2016).
Production of Bio-Oil from Oil
Palm Empty Fruit Bunch by
Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis: A
Review. Biofuels, 7(6), 647
660.
https://doi.org/10.1080/175972
69.2016.1187539.
Qureshi, K. M., et al. (2018). A
Technical Review on Semi
Continuous and Continuous
Pyrolysis Process of Biomass
to Bio-Oil. Journal of Analytical
and Applied Pyrolysis, 131, 52
75.
Rasaq, W. A., Okpala, C. O. R.,
Igwegbe, C. A., & Białowiec, A.
(2024). Navigating Pyrolysis
Implementation—A
Tutorial
Review
on Consideration
Factors and Thermochemical
Operating
Methods
Biomass
for
Conversion.
Materials, 17(3), 725.
Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang,
ISSN Cetak : 2477-5673 ISSN Online : 2614-722X
Volume XX Nomor XX, Bulan Tahun
Rex,
P.,
Ismail,
K.R.M.,
Meenakshisundaram, N.,
et al. (2023). Agricultural
Biomass
Waste
to
Biochar: A Review on
Biochar
Applications
Using Machine Learning
Approach and Circular
Economy.
ChemEngineering, 7(3),
50.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ch
emengineering7030050.
Ristianingsih, Y., Ulfa, A., &
Syafitri, R. K. (2015).
Pengaruh suhu dan
konsentrasi
perekat
terhadap
karakteristik
briket bioarang berbahan
baku tandan kosong
kelapa sawit dengan
proses pirolisis. Jurnal
Konversi, 4(2), 45–51.
Setiawan, A., Zakarya, M. A., &
Nur,
T.
B.
Experimental
investigation
simulation
pyrolysis
of
(2022).
and
slow
process
Arabica
of
coffee
agroindustry residues in a
pilot-scale
reactor.
Journal
of
Ecological
Engineering, 23(8), 260
269.
https://doi.org/10.12911/2
2998993/150693
Sinaga, F. T. H., Napitupulu, F.
H., & Nur, T. B. (2019).
Hydrogen gas production
simulation utilizing empty fruit
bunch of oil palm pyrolysis unit
by steam methane reforming
process. Journal of Physics:
Conference Series, 1566,
012125.
https://doi.org/10.1088/1742
6596/1566/1/012125
Sondakh, R. C. (2020). Analisis
sistem optimasi bio-oil dari
tandan kosong kelapa sawit.
Jurnal Teknologi dan Industri
Pertanian Indonesia, 12(2),
65–72.
Sunarno, S. (2014). Pirolisis katalitik
tandan kosong sawit menjadi
bio-oil dengan katalis HZSM-5.
Eksergi,
11(1),
7–10.
https://doi.org/10.31315/e.v11i
1.325
Sustainability
Review.
(2025).
Biomass Pyrolysis Pathways
for
Renewable Energy and
Sustainable
Resource
Recovery.
17(17), 7806.
Sustainability,
Tamagno, I. J., et al. (2025). Impact of
Operational Parameters on the
Yield of Biochar, Bio-Oil, and
Pyrolytic Gas in Lignocellulosic
Biomass
Pyrolysis:
Systematic
Bioresource
A
Review.
Technology
Reports, 30, 102155.
United
Nations
Environment
Programme (UNEP). (2024).
Global Waste Management
Outlook 2024. Nairobi: UNEP.
Published
2026-07-19
How to Cite
Rivai, N. I., Lubis, R. P., & Zulfan , Z. (2026). REKOMENDASI IMPLEMENTASI TEKNOLOGI PIROLISIS UNTUK KONVERSI ENERGI LIMBAH TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT DI SUMATERA UTARA: STRATEGI PENERAPAN DAN ARAH PENELITIAN LANJUTAN . Didaktik : Jurnal Ilmiah PGSD STKIP Subang, 12(03), 289 - 307. https://doi.org/10.36989/didaktik.v12i03.17667
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